Psychology homework help

Assignment 2: Other Addictive Behaviors

In looking at the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, many clinicians and researchers believe that these criteria could be applied to behaviors outside of substance use to classify other addictive behaviors. To this end, gambling disorder was added as a diagnostic classification in the DSM-5. Imagine that you are on the next DSM revision committee. What addictive behavior (not including substance use or gambling) would you lobby to include as a diagnostic classification? Explain your reasoning for including this addictive behavior. Use your textbook and the Argosy University online library resources to support your position.

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2:2

Federal Guidelines

Create a 2- to 3-page paper addressing the following:

· Identify the federal guidelines—statutory, case law, and APA—for psychological tests.

· Describe some of the cases influential in bringing about the federal government’s involvement in the use of tests in the forensic setting.

· Determine the effect of the federal guidelines in ensuring whether assessment reports are accurate and unbiased.

· Identified and described some of the cases influential in bringing about the federal government’s involvement in the use of tests in the forensic setting.

· Analyzed the effect of the federal guidelines in ensuring whether assessment reports are accurate and unbiased.

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ASSIGNMENT

Chomsky’s Theory of Language Development discusses “critical periods” for learning language. Following from this theory, disruptions during critical periods should negatively affect the development of language.

Unfortunately, there are some examples from real life to demonstrate this hypothesis. Please link to and read the following regarding both a very recent and an historic case:

http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=4758945&page=1

Here are some additional, optional resources on Genie:

http://documentarystorm.com/secret-of-the-wild-child/

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2112gchild.html

Obviously, these are both horrific cases of child abuse.

1.) What does “Genie’s” final outcome tell us about language (and emotional) development?

2.) What cues can educators take from these tragic cases?

Introduction

This lesson will explore the emotional and communication development of children. Firstly, we will discuss the theories of emotional development. We will then look at how emotion develops in two main stages: primary emotions which include joy, anger and fear, and secondary emotions which comprise the self-conscious emotions. We will then move onto attachment theory where we investigate how the different kinds of caregiver-infant relationships either create secure or insecure attachments, and the impact of these attachments on child development. In the second part of the lesson, we will explore language and communication development. We will cover how this development is socially facilitated, as well as the components of language and communication. Lastly, we will discuss the social use of language.

Emotional Development

‹›

· Emotions

Emotions have many important functions and have a significant impact on child development. Emotions are internal responses to the environment, that are accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes. For instance, sadness may be accompanied by a change in heart rate and release of cortisol, a stress hormone. Learning how to interpret other’s emotions is also a key aspect of development.

Development of Emotional Expression

While most mothers agree that they can detect emotions in the first month of their baby’s life (Johnson, Emde, Pannabecker, Stenberg, & Davis, 1982), the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement (MAX) coding system developed by Izard, Fantauzzo, Castle, Haynes and Slomine (1995), determines infant emotions based on their body movements and facial expressions.

PRIMARY EMOTIONS

JOY

GENDER AND NATIONALITY DIFFERENCES

LAUGHING

Fear and Other Emotions

· FEAR

· STRANGER DISTRESS

· INTERACTIONS

· OTHER EMOTIONS

Fear is the second predominant primary emotion. Fear of strangers emerges around the same time that infants begin to show positive emotion to familiar people. According to Sroufe (1996), at around three months, infants begin to be wary when they are exposed to new situations because they have difficulty assimilating and comprehending the unfamiliar. From around seven months, this wariness turns into outright fear and distress.

Knowledge Check

1

Question 1

Please select the two correct statements that refute the genetic-maturational perspective’s argument that biological factors determine how children react and regulate their emotions.

The rate of infant smiling is related to the rate of caregiver stimulation.

Babies begin to smile at 46 weeks from conception, whether they were born premature or full-term.

Stranger distress is not universal since it does not occur in cultures in which caregiving is shared among multiple relatives.

From about eight weeks, babies begin to look a lot at the mouth and respond to smiles.

I don’t know

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Secondary Emotions

Secondary emotions function to identify and coordinate the role of the individual’s responsibility in a situation that involves other factors and/or people. Secondary emotion are self-conscious emotions that describe the individual’s perception of their relatively superior or inferior position. Secondary emotions emerge from around the second year (Saarni et al., 2006).

Emotional reactions differ from child to child, and are a consequence of temperament and environmental factors – particularly parental modeling. High negative emotionality results in more adjustment difficulties, depression and behavioral problems, while children with positive emotionality have high self-esteem, social competence and less adjustment issues.

PRIDE AND SHAME

GUILT

JEALOUSY

JEALOUSY OF PARENTAL ATTENTION

Identifying Emotions in Others

Infants initially learn to interpret other’s emotions by observing caregiver facial expressions. Research suggests that babies recognize caregiver joy before they are able to recognize anger – similar to how babies first express joy and only later express anger (Izard et al., 1995). As children get older, they more accurately discern between genuine and inauthentic smiles (Del Giudice & Colle, 2007).

Experiences Impact Emotions

Children’s early experiences impact their ability to recognize emotions. For example, children who have experienced high levels of threat and hostility recognize anger more quickly and sadness more slowly than other children (Pollak & Sinha, 2002). Children from cultures that value group harmony and focus on other’s feelings, such as China and Mexico, are more capable than Australian and U.S. children at recognizing other’s emotions (Cole & Tan, 2007).

Emotional Regulation

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Assignment 3: Risk Factors and Protective Factors

Drug use is found among all ages, genders, races, socioeconomic statuses, educational levels, and cultures. Throughout the course, you will follow the story of Aaliyah where you will apply the concepts you learn. In this module, you will meet Aaliyah and get to know her current situation.

Case Study Analysis—Part I

Aaliyah is a 25-year-old, single, Caucasian woman, who lives in an apartment with a friend. She moved out of her parents’ house at 18, after completing high school, to remove herself from her father’s alcohol use. Aaliyah smokes cigarettes and drinks alcohol occasionally.

She is dissatisfied with her current job. She works full time as an administrative assistant at a contracting company, but she is ready for a career change. Aaliyah has decided to return to school to pursue a degree in criminal justice. She will be working and taking classes at the same time, fitting her school schedule around her work schedule.

During her first session of school, Aaliyah notices that she is having difficulty staying awake to complete her schoolwork at night after a full workday. She does not want her grades to fall, as her education is very important to her. However, she cannot afford to reduce her work hours.

Her roommate makes coffee at night to help her stay awake. Soon, Aaliyah is drinking three or more cups of coffee a night to help her stay awake to complete her schoolwork.

Analyze the case study and review your readings. Respond to the following:

Identify and analyze Aaliyah’s risk and protective factors for drug use. Describe at least two factors for each.

Discuss at least one thing not mentioned in the case study that could be an additional risk factor or protective factor for Aaliyah.

Explain what these risk and protective factors imply for future substance use.

Write a 2-3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M1_A3.doc.

By the due date assigned, deliver your assignment to the Submissions Area.

Assignment 3 Grading Criteria Maximum PointsIdentify and analyze Aaliyah’s risk and protective factors for drug use. Describe at least two factors for each.30Discuss at least one thing not mentioned in the case study that could be an additional risk factor or protective factor for Aaliyah.20Explain what these risk and protective factors imply for future substance use.30Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.20Total:100

Psychology homework help

Question 11 / 1 point

Right now, the words in this sentence are being registered on the retina of your eye. This representation on your retina is called

Question options:sensory memory.the template.the proximal stimulus.the distal stimulus.

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Question 20 / 1 point

According to the introduction of the chapter on imagery,

Question options:people often create mental images, but they seldom use these images in problem solving or other higher mental processes.students report that they use visual imagery and auditory imagery equally often.psychologists have conducted more research on visual imagery than any other kind of imagery.the first psychologists to pay attention to imagery were the radical behaviorists, in the late 1920s.

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Question 31 / 1 point

Suppose that you have a mental image of your favorite male actor. If that image is stored in a propositional code, the representation would emphasize

Question options:spatial relationships, including information about angles and lines.a correspondence between the mental imagery and perceptual imagery.a language-like description.spatial relationships for the actor’s general shape, but a language-like description for the details of his face.

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Question 40 / 1 point

Which of the following statements about object recognition is correct?

Question options:Visual information is first processed in the primary visual cortex, but it is eventually stored in the retina.Only the primary visual cortex is active during object recognition.The primary visual cortex is responsible for identifying complex objects; in contrast, other portions of the brain identify lines and simple shapes.Regions of the cortex beyond the primary visual cortex are active when we identify complex objects.

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Question 51 / 1 point

What is perception?

Question options:Perception is the immediate registration of information by the sensory receptors.Perception uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses.Perception involves only unprocessed sensory information.Perception requires complex problem solving.

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Question 60 / 1 point

How does mental imagery compare with perception?

Question options:Perception relies exclusively on bottom-up processing.Perception relies exclusively on top-down processing.Mental imagery relies exclusively on bottom-up processing.Mental imagery relies exclusively on top-down processing.

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Question 71 / 1 point

A person with prosopagnosia would be likely to

Question options:perform better than other people on a change-blindness test.have difficulty recognizing fruits and vegetables.fail to recognize letters of the alphabet.have trouble recognizing faces.

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Question 80 / 1 point

This unit’s reading discusses meta-analyses that focus on gender comparisons in cognitive abilities. Which of the following is the area in which gender differences are typically the largest?

Question options:verbal abilitiesmathematics abilitiesspatial abilities such as locating hidden figures in a drawingspatial abilities such as mental rotation

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Question 90 / 1 point

If you are reading a sentence on an examination. The actual stimulus (the words on the piece of paper) is called

Question options:the distal stimulus.the proximal stimulus.the geon.the template.

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Question 100 / 1 point

Imagine that you are looking at a geometric drawing. At first, one shape in this drawing seems to be in front of other shapes. The next moment, this same shape seems to be located behind a second shape. This phenomenon is called:

Question options:depth perception.an illusory contour.an ambiguous figure-ground relationship.holistic recognition.

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Question 111 / 1 point

Which of the following is the best example of a geon?

Question options:a template for the letter K, as it is stored in memorya straight, vertical, 2-dimensional linea 3-dimensional cylinderthe comparison process used to differentiate a template from a distinctive feature

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Question 120 / 1 point

When a study has high ecological validity,

Question options:people tend to receive similar scores on two different versions of a relevant test.people typically make more errors than if the test is low in ecological validity.at least two researchers recorded the answers supplied by the participants.the setting for the study is similar to a setting found in the real world.

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Question 130 / 1 point

The identification of a complex arrangement of visual stimuli is known as

Question options:sensation.recognition by components.object recognition.connectionism.

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Question 140 / 1 point

According to the discussion of the history of research on mental imagery,

Question options:the early behaviorists rejected research about mental imagery, but they began to conduct imagery research during the early 1950s.the topic of mental imagery has consistently been more popular in the United States than in Europe.the popularity of mental imagery increased as cognitive psychology became more influential.surprisingly, theorists and researchers did not mention mental imagery until about 1930.

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Question 151 / 1 point

Suppose that a psychologist loans you an art book and says that the book includes some interesting ambiguous figure-ground pictures. You should expect to see

Question options:a random arrangement of black-and-white figures.a photo of real-life figures, rather than black-and-white shapes.a picture in which a specific region is the central figure one moment, but this region becomes the background the next moment.a photo of real-life figures and black-and-white shapes.

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Question 160 / 1 point

You recognize the letter n more quickly in the word pattern than when it appears by itself. This is an example of

Question options:top-down processing.bottom-up processing.a template for the letter n.a recognition module.

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Question 170 / 1 point

In object recognition, an important problem with the feature-analysis approach is that

Question options:it can only explain how we perceive large objects.it can only explain colored objects.there is no neuroscience evidence for this approach.it cannot explain how we perceive an object from different viewpoints.

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Question 181 / 1 point

Bottom-up processing

Question options:is the most widely accepted explanation for illusory contours.describes the influence of expectations upon object recognition.emphasizes the importance of sensory stimuli in object recognition.explains why we are able to recognize words more easily when they appear in sentences, rather than alone.

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Question 191 / 1 point

An analog code means that

Question options:a representation is very similar to the physical object.we store information in terms of abstract descriptions.we construct a representation from a verbal description.the image is permanently stored in working memory.

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Question 200 / 1 point

Those who argue that we store mental-imagery information in terms of propositions would claim that

Question options:storage is most like vision.storage is most like an abstract spatial representation.storage is most like language.representation closely resembles the physical object.